Checkpoint is an internal process that writes all dirty pages (modified pages) from Buffer Cache to Physical disk, apart from this it also writes the log records from log buffer to physical file.
It is a dedicated process and runs automatically by SQL Server at specific intervals. SQL Server runs checkpoint process for each Database individually.
Checkpoint helps to reduce the recovery time for SQL Server in the event of unexpected shutdown or system crash\Failure.
Four types of Checkpoints:
Automatic
Indirect
Manual
Internal
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